Research in psychology: methods and design
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phrenology
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Anecdotal evidence in the form of testimonials has great appeal to the uncritical reader.
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The problem occurs when one relies heavily on anecdotes or makes more of them than is warranted.
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there may be some thieves with a particular skull shape, but in order to evaluate a specific relationship between skull configuration and thievery, one must know (a) how many people who are thieves do not have the configuration, and (b) how many people who have the configuration aren’t thieves.
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falsification
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In sum, pseudoscience is characterized by (a) a false association with true science, (b) a misuse of the rules of evidence by relying excessively on anecdotal data, (c) a lack of specificity that avoids a true test of the theory, and (d) an oversimplification of complex processes.
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A case study in psychology normally refers to a detailed description and analysis of a single individual.
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Case studies are also common in neuropsychology